CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION
(Room No.315, BWing,
August Kranti Bhawan, Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi 110 066)
File No.CIC/AD/A/2013/001681SA
(Ms.Nisha Priya Bhatia Vs. Institute of HB&AS, GNCTD)
Appellant : Ms. Nisha Priya Bhatia
Respondent : Institute of Human Behaviour
and Allied Sciences, GNCTD
Date of hearing : 27062014
Date of decision : 24072014
Information Commissioner : Prof. M. Sridhar Acharyulu
(Madabhushi Sridhar)
Referred Sections : Sections 3, Sec 8 (1) (h),19(3) 25(5)
of the RTI Act.
Result : Appeal allowed / disposed of
Ratio: The Patient has a right to his/her medical record, which is rooted
in Articles 19 and 21 of Constitution of India, and Respondent Hospital
Authorities, whether public or private hospitals, have a duty to provide the
same under Right to Information Act, 2005, Consumer Protection Act,
1986, the Medical Council Act, 1956 and world medical ethics read with
Constitutional rights.
The Public Authority has to develop a time frame mechanism of
disclosure of medical records to patients or their relatives with
safeguards for privacy and confidentiality of the patient.
The Information Commissions can enforce this right to information of
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patients, (consumers of medical services) against both Government and
Private Hospitals, whether they are public authorities or not, as per
section 2(f) of the RTI Act, 2005.
Parties :
2. The appellant is present. The Public Authority is represented by Mr. S.P. Jaiswal, PIO,
Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences, GNCTD, Delhi.
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FACTS
3. This is a story of prolonged struggle by appellant, who knocked the doors of almost
every forum for justice, perhaps out of compulsion. The appellant was a senior officer at
prestigious department, R&AW (Research and Analysis Wing) alleging a raw deal in
several matters. The petitions and complaints by appellant contain serious allegations that
kicked up conflicts and slapping of criminal cases by and against her. While she was
charged with attempt to commit suicide under Section 309 of IPC, she charged senior
officers with criminal defamation under Section 499, 500 of IPC. She made several
complaints including sexual harassment against which an inquiry was conducted where
the charges could not be proved for want of evidence, while the enquiry committee
observed violation of guidelines prescribed by Supreme Court in Vishaka & Ors Vs State
Of Rajasthan & Ors., pertaining to procedure and constitution of inquiry etc. The appellant
was referred to Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences GNCTD by the Delhi
High Court, which she strongly believes to be great injustice happened to her as she was
detained there for almost a month, leaving sad experience of torture and harassment to
her and her aged parents. Detailed report by medical board consisting of several expert
doctors did not find any mental disorder or any major illness in her but observed that ‘it
also cannot be said that there is no mental health problem at all’. It is significant to note
that the medical board noted her cooperative attitude in the hospital. She alleged a
deliberate conspiracy and attempt to depict her as mentally sick person just because she
filed several complaints, which were necessitated out of compelling circumstances, the
truth or otherwise of which, this Commission cannot go into. She claimed that because
she was not sick, the detention there was illegal and if she is really sick she should be
treated and not punished like that.
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4. The main question before the Commission is limited, that is Whether
appellant
has right to information and access to her own medical record that is held by
respondent institute. The background stated above suggests that she is in dire need of
the medical records to tell the world that she was not mentally sick but fit and also for
defending her case before the appropriate forum. This is part of her right to reputation
which is inherently available under right to life under Article 21 read with Section 499 and
500 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.
5. Through RTI application dated 1182011,
the appellant, Ms. Nisha Priya Bhatia is
seeking information regarding her ‘illegal detention’ in the chronic patients’ ward of the
respondent Institute, under the garb and on the pretext of a medical check up from the
evening of 2012011
to 1822011
and sought the following:(
i) Certified and paginated copy of the Appellant’s entire case file;
(ii) Certified copies of all correspondence/reports/commentaries exchanged
between the various doctors at IHBAS concerning the Applicant;
(iii) Certified copies of documents containing all entries – including daily diet
consumed by the Applicant/daily medical check up (if any at all) – kept by
the nurses in the chronic patients’ ward where the Applicant was detained
from the evening of 200111
to the afternoon of 18.02.11;
(iv) Certified copies of all correspondence exchanged by IHBAS with any court
of law, including the Delhi High Court, or any government agency, including
the R&AW or the PMO or the Cabinet Secretariat, Rashtrapati Bhawan,
concerning the Applicant;
(v) Certified copies of all official and legal documents’ alleged to have been
made available by the Applicant to the team of doctors of IHBAS – (Ref.
para 1 on page 1 of 3 of the report of medical board which met on
23.02.11).
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6. Appellant during hearing submitted that R&AW (Research and Analysis Wing) is an
organization where its nature of working requires everything to be kept secret and nothing is
known to others, these iron walls of secrecy allow no junior officer to raise his/her voice
against the highhanded
actions and insults of the Senior officers. Appellant also stated that:
“As I questioned, my career was being spoiled by branding me as mentally unsound and was
forcefully sent to the respondent institution. In such hospital there will be no scope for any
escape or rescue or remedy until officers themselves change their mind and order the
discharge”. She also said that at the time of ‘treatment’ she was holding a high position as a
director of an Institute, where she was teaching/training the candidates for R&AW (Research
and Analysis Wing) in the Cabinet Secretariat. According to her statement, her superiors got
antagonized against her for no reason, started withdrawing her privileges as an officer,
gradually and ultimately her chair was also removed leaving her with no place to sit and work.
She strongly believes that if she gets the information she sought, their actions would be
exposed.
7. The PIO claimed via letter dated 1592011
that the information sought was exempted
under section 8(1)(h) of the RTI Act as disclosure would impede the process of investigation.
FAA vide his order dated 18102011
upheld the PIO’s order and disposed of her first appeal,
stating that she was absent during the said hearing also. The appellant, therefore,
approached the Commission by way of 2nd appeal. On the other hand, the respondent/PIO
personally sought adjournment to facilitate his Director/FAA to attend after returning to India
on 28th June, 2014, from his foreign tour and defend.
8. The PIO submitted that his predecessor PIO sought exemption under section 8(1) (h)
which states that “if the information sought by the appellant, would impede the process of
investigation or apprehension or prosecution of offenders” the same can be denied, as the
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case of the appellant is also related to the ongoing
department enquiry. He cited an order of
CIC in No.CIC/SG/A/2011/002238/16606 dated 27.12.11 in appeal filed by Mrs Rashmi Dixit
Matiman at IHBAS wherein the denial of information by IHBAS on the ground of fiduciary
relationship under 8(1)(e) was not accepted. In the writ petition by IHBAS the Delhi High
Court passed an interim order allowing exemption and the hearing is still pending. The PIO
claimed the matter was subjudice.
The PIO further contended as follows:
“IHBAS would also like to make a reference to another similar case wherein a RTI application
and appeal was filed by Mrs. Rashmi Dixit Matiman at IHBAS which was duly replied by
IHBAS vide letter dated 29411
and subsequent order of FAA, IHBAS dated 1611
providing
that the information sought by the applicant is sensitive/confidential in nature and falls under
the purview of section 8(1)(e) of the RTI Act. The FAA, IHBAS upheld “that in a psychiatry
case – the medical records were not only physical clinical examination but included various
information shared by the relatives particularly spouse, children, parents etc. the fiduciary
relationship in psychiatry cases extends not only to the patient but also to the information
shared by others. Information provided by each of the informants to any of the team
members of a mental health team, should be considered as having been provided in a
fiduciary relationship, therefore, Section 8(1)(e) of the RTI Act is applicable.” Thereafter, the
appellant approached the CIC against the order of FAA, IHBAS and CIC announced its
verdict in No.CIC/SG/A/2011/002238/16606 on 271211
with the direction that “The Appeal is
allowed. The PIO is directed to provide the complete information as per records on queries
1, 3, 4, 8 and 9 to the Appellant before 20th January, 2012”
IHBAS felt that the decision of CIC was to be relooked
taking into consideration the
involvement of important issues of privacy, affordable public policy and psychiatric practice,
which may affect larger public interest as a precedent. It therefore became obligatory on the
part of IHBAS in the case to approach Hon’ble High Court of Delhi against the decision of
CIC dated 27122011.
Hon’ble High Court of Delhi passed an order on 2632012
“Exemption allowed, subject to all just exceptions”. The matter has been adjourned for 29814
and the interim order granted by Hon’ble High Court of Delhi has been made to continue.
The case of Ms. Rashmit Dixit against the decision of CIC is subjudice
and the
implementation of the decision of CIC will be subject to outcome of Civil Writ Petition filed in
the Hon’ble High Court of Delhi.”
9. With regard to the submission of the PIO, in the case referred
[CIC/SG/A/2011/002238/16606], the appellant (in that case) had claimed that she was forcibly
admitted by her husband without informing her what ailments she was suffering from, and
alleged that she was hospitalized only to terrorize her and certify as mentally ill. First
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Appellate Authority in that case claimed that information about her condition was obtained
from different sources which included her husband and therefore the information was held in
a fiduciary capacity by the doctors. The FAA’s order was rejected by the Commission which
directed furnishing of information to the appellant. After due consideration of the
submission the Commission holds that this CIC decision and interim order of Delhi
Court are not applicable to this case, because the grounds claimed are totally
different i.e., in this case they invoked section 8(1)(h) and in the other it was 8(1)(e).
10. As to the submission of the appellant that there is ongoing
departmental enquiry
for denial of information, it is to be noted that the PIO chose not to give details of enquiry, how
long it would go, what was the charge, stage of proceedings and how the disclosure would
interfere or hamper or impede the investigation or prosecution. The Commission assumes
that there is no enquiry or investigation going on.
11. In view of the above the issues before the Commission are:
A) Whether patient/appellant has right to information about her own medical records?
B) Whether appellant’s case fall under provision of life and liberty?
C) Whether information sought can be denied under Section 8(1)(h) of RTI Act?
12. As part of the first issue, we need to refer to provisions of Consumer Protection Act,
1986 to ascertain whether appellant has the right to information about her own medical
record.
(A)Right to information under RTI and Consumer Protection Act:
Expression “Consumer’’ is defined in the Consumer Protection Act, 1986: S 2(1)
(d) "consumer" means any person who, (
i) omitted
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(ii) hires (or avails of) any services for a consideration which has been paid or
promised or partly paid and partly promised, or under any system of deferred
payment and includes any beneficiary of such services other than the person who
hires (or avails of) the service for consideration paid or promised, or partly paid
and partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment, when such
services are availed of with the approval of the first mentioned person,
Similarly as per Section 2(1)(o) : "service" means –
“ service of any description which is made available to the potential users and
includes the provision of facilities in connection with banking, financing, insurance,
transport, processing, supply of electrical or other energy, board or lodging or both,
(housing construction), entertainment, amusement or the purveying of news or
other information, but does not include rendering of any service free of charge or
under a contract of personal service.”
In a landmark judgment in Indian Medical Association v. V.P Shantha [1995(6) SCALE
273] Hon’ble Supreme Court of India has stated that “Service” rendered by Medical
Practitioner were covered under Consumer Protection Act. Hon’ble Supreme Court laid down:
(1) Service rendered to a patient by a medical practitioner (except where the
doctor renders service free of charge to every patient or under a contract of
personal service), by way of consultation, diagnosis and treatment, both
medicinal and surgical, would fall within the ambit of 'service' as defined in
Section 2(1)(o) of the Act.
……
(10) Service rendered at a Government hospital/health center/dispensary where
services are rendered on payment of charges and also rendered free of charge
to other persons availing such services would fall within the ambit of the
expression 'service' as defined in Section 2(1)(o) of the Act irrespective of the
fact that the service is rendered free of charge to persons who do not pay for
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such service. Free service would also be "service" and the recipient a
"consumer" under the Act.
(11) Service rendered by a medical practitioner or hospital/nursing home cannot
be regarded as service rendered free of charge, if the person availing the
service has taken an insurance policy for medical care where under the
charges for consultation, diagnosis and medical treatment are borne by the
insurance company and such service would fall within the ambit of 'service' as
defined in Section 2(1)(o) of the Act.
(12) Similarly, where, as a part of the conditions of service, the employer bears the
expenses of medical treatment of an employee and his family members
dependent on him, the service rendered to such an employee and his family
members by a medical practitioner or a hospital/nursing home would not be
free of charge and would constitute 'service' under Section 2(1)(o) of the Act.”
Thus, the appellant is a consumer in her capacity as ‘patient’ as per the definition of
‘Consumer’ under Consumer Protection Act 1986 and according to Supreme Court’s
landmark judgment in IMA vs Shantha, the medical services are ‘services’ under that Act.
Therefore, the Appellant has right to information and treating institution has a legal
duty to give proper information, not to give misleading information and not to resort
to unfair trade practices.
The relevant provisions of Consumer Protection Act in respect to Right to information are Section
6 of CPA: Objects of the Central Council:The
objects of the Central Council shall be to promote and protect the rights of the
consumers such as(
a) the right to be protected against the marketing of goods 2[and services] which are
hazardous to life and property;
(b) the right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency, purity, standard and price of
goods 1[or services, as the case may be], so as to protect the consumer against unfair trade
practices;
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Section 2 of the CP Act defines (
f) “defect” means any fault, imperfection or shortcoming in the quality, quantity, potency,
purity or standard which is required to be maintained by or under any law for the time being
in force or 2[under any contract, express or] implied, or as is claimed by the trader in any
manner whatsoever in relation to any goods;
(g) “deficiency” means any fault, imperfection, shortcoming or inadequacy in the quality,
nature and manner of performance which is required to be maintained by or under any law
for the time being in force or has been undertaken to be performed by a person in pursuance
of a contract or otherwise in relation to any service;
UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICE
(r) "unfair trade practice" means a trade practice which, for the purpose of promoting the
sale, use or supply of any goods or for the provision of any service, adopts any unfair method
or unfair or deceptive practice including any of the following practices, namely,(
1) the practice of making any statement, whether orally or in writing or by visible
representation which,(
i) falsely represents that the goods are of a particular standard, quality, quantity, grade,
composition, style or model;
(ii) falsely represents that the services are of a particular standard, quality or grade;
(iii) falsely represents any rebuilt,
secondhand,
renovated, reconditioned or old goods as
new goods;
(iv) represents that the goods or services have sponsorship, approval, performance,
characteristics, accessories, uses or benefits which such goods or services do not have;
(v) represents that the seller or the supplier has a sponsorship or approval or affiliation which
such seller or supplier does not have;
(vi) makes a false or misleading representation concerning the need for, or the usefulness of,
any goods or services;
(vii) gives to the public any warranty or guarantee of the performance, efficacy or length of
life of a product or of any goods that is not based on an adequate or proper test thereof:
PROVIDED that where a defence is raised to the effect that such warranty or guarantee is
based on adequate or proper test, the burden of proof of such defence shall lie on the person
raising such defence;
(viii) makes to the public a representation in a form that purports to be10
(i) a warranty or guarantee of a product or of any goods or services; or
(ii) a promise to replace, maintain or repair an article or any part thereof or to repeat or
continue a service until it has achieved a specified result, if such purported warranty or
guarantee or promise is materially misleading or if there is no reasonable prospect that
such warranty, guarantee or promise will be carried out;
(ix) materially misleads the public concerning the price at which a product or like products or
goods or services, have been or are, ordinarily sold or provided, and, for this purpose, a
representation as to price shall be deemed to refer to the price at which the product or goods
or services has or have been sold by sellers or provided by suppliers generally in the
relevant market unless it is clearly the price at which the product has been sold or services
have been provided by the person by whom or on whose behalf the representation is made;
(x) gives false or misleading facts disparaging the goods, services or trade of another
person.
Explanation: For the purposes of clause (1), a statement that is(
a) expressed on an article offered or displayed for sale, or on its wrapper or container; or
(b) expressed on anything attached to, inserted in, or accompanying, an article offered or
displayed for sale, or on anything on which the article is mounted for display or sale; or
(c) contained in or on anything that is sold, sent, delivered, transmitted or in any other
manner whatsoever made available to a member of the public, shall be deemed to be a
statement made to the public by, and only by, the person who had caused the statement to
be so expressed, made or contained;
(2) permits the publication of any advertisement whether in any newspaper or otherwise, for
the sale of supply at a bargain price, of goods or services that are not intended to be offered
for sale or supply at the bargain price, or for a period that is, and in quantities that are,
reasonable, having regard to the nature of the market in which the business is carried on, the
nature and size of business, and the nature of the advertisement;.
Consumer’s right to information
Ozair Husain Vs Union of India [ AIR 2003 Delhi 103], the bench of A D Singh, M
Mudgal held that consumer had right to information about the product. In this PIL the
petitioner sought a direction to disclose voluntarily as to whether food product that is being
sold contains elements from animals or not. In this case the relationship between Right to
Information and freedom of expression was discussed. The bench said:
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“freedom of expression enshrined in Article 19(1)(a) can serve two broad purposes (
1) it
can help the consumer to discover the truth about the composition of the products, whether
made of animals including birds and fresh water or marine animals or eggs, and (2) it can
help him to fulfilll his belief or opinion in vegetarianism”. Article 10 of the European
Convention on Human Rights provides that everyone has a right to freedom of expression
and this right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive information and ideas
without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. Article 19(1) and 19(2)
of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights declares that every one shall
have the right to hold opinions without interference, and every one shall have the right to
freedom of expression, and this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart
information of ideas of all kinds regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in
the form of art, or through any other media of his choice. It needs to be noted that India is a
signatory to the aforesaid convention….. Right to hold opinions and to receive information
and ideas without interference embodied in the Covenant is concomitant to the right to
freedom of speech and expression which includes right to free flow of information. Since
ancient times we have allowed noble thoughts to come from all sides [Rig Veda]. This has
helped in forming, building, strengthening, nurturing, replenishing and recreating opinions
and beliefs of an individual…… Reading Article 19(1)(a) along with the Covenant, it must
be recognised that right to freedom of speech and expression includes freedom to seek,
receive and impart information of ideas. It seems to us that freedom to hold opinions, ideas,
beliefs and freedom of thought, etc., which is also enshrined in Preamble to the
Constitution, is part of freedom of speech and expression.
20. It appears to us that where packages of food products, drugs and cosmetics do not
disclose any information in writing and by an appropriate symbol about the composition of
the products contained therein, right to freedom of conscience of the consumers is violated
as they may be unconsciously consuming a product against their faiths, beliefs and
opinions.
21. In view of the aforesaid discussion, we are of the view that it is the fundamental right of
the consumers to know whether the food products, cosmetics and drugs of nonvegetarian
or vegetarian origin, as otherwise it will violate their fundamental rights under Article 19(1)
(a), 21 and 25 of the Constitution.
23. In so far as food products are concerned, adequate provisions have been made for
informing the consumers as to whether or not the article of food is vegetarian or nonvegetarian.
As regards drugs and cosmetics, necessary amendments have not been made
in the relevant statutes. In so far as a life saving drug is concerned, there is a view point
that the information: whether or not it is derived or manufactured, wholly or partly, from an
animal, should not be disclosed since it is meant to fight disease and save life
25. Till such time the requisite amendments are carried out, we direct as under:(
1) Where a cosmetic or a drug other than life saving drug, as the case may be, contains
ingredients of nonvegetarian
origin, the package shall carry label bearing the following
symbol in red colour on the principal display panel just close in proximity to name or brand
name of the drug or cosmetic :12
(2) Where a cosmetic or a drug other than life saving drug, as the case may be, contains
ingredients wholly of vegetarian origin, the package shall bear the following symbol in
green colour on the principal display panel just close in proximity to name or brand name of
the drug or cosmetic:(
3) Where a cosmetic or a drug other than life saving drug has ingredients of vegetarian or
nonvegetarian
origin, a declaration shall be made in writing on the package indicating the
nature of the origin of the product.
(4) The Director General of Health Services/Drugs Controller General, Govt. of India, shall
issue a list of Life Saving Drugs within a period of two months.
Thus, as sought by the petitioner, the division bench of Delhi High Court gave following
directions: (i) to protect the rights of innocent conscientious consumers who object to the
use of animals in whole or in part or their derivatives in food, cosmetics and drugs, etc., by
making the manufacturers and packers thereof to disclose the ingredients of the aforesaid
products so that they make an informed choice with regard to their consumption; (ii) to the
manufacturers and packers of cosmetics, drugs and articles of food for complete and full
disclosure of the ingredients of their products being sold to consumers; (iii) a declaration
that the consumers have a right of making an informed choice between the products made
or derived from animal and nonanimal
ingredients; and (iv) a direction to the
manufacturers and packers of food, cosmetic and drugs that the products made from
animals should bear an easily identifiable symbol conveying that it has an animal
ingredient. “
The above judgment deals with right to information needed to exercise choices and
beliefs of consumers under Consumer Protection Act. Extending this principle
derived from Articles 21 and 19 of our Constitution, a consumer of medical services
too has a right to know about treatment given to him/her, the reports of diagnostic
tests, the opinions expressed by doctors or specialists and reasons for keeping her
in hospital etc. Consumer’s right to information extends both to the products and
services, including medical service. This right is available against both public and
private hospitals, even though private hospitals do not fall under ‘public authority’
as per Section 2(h) of RTI Act.
Right to Information under Medical Council of India Regulations:
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13. The Medical Council of India has imposed an obligation on Hospitals as per the
regulations notified on 11th March 2002, amended up to December 2010 to maintain the
medical record and provide patient access to it. These regulations were made in exercise of
the powers conferred under section 20A read with section 33(m) of the Indian Medical
Council Act, 1956 (102 of 1956), by the Medical Council of India, with the previous approval
of the Central Government, relating to the Professional Conduct, Etiquette and Ethics for
registered medical practitioners, namely:Maintenance
of Medical Records:
1.3.1. Every physician shall maintain the medical records pertaining to his/her
indoor patients for a period of three years from the date of commencement of the
treatment in a standard proforma laid down by the Medical Council of India and
attached as Appendix 3.
1.3.2. If any request is made for medical records either by the
patients/authorised attendant or legal authorities involved, the same may
be duly acknowledged and documents shall be issued within the period of
72 hours.
14. Hon’ble Kerala High Court recognizing the above principle in Rajappan Vs. Sree
Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology [ILR2004(2)Kerala150]
had observed that :
“…..Appendix 3 referred to in regulations 1.3.1 provides for information, among other
things, pertaining to diagnosis, investigations advised with reports, diagnosis after
investigation, and advice. Therefore it is obvious from the appendix that what is to be
given is the full details about the patient, namely, the findings pertaining to the deceased.
That is the diagnosis and the periodical advice for treatment. As and when diagnosis is
made the treatment will be advised by the doctor to the nursing staff in the case sheet
itself. Therefore the case sheet will show the progressive testing, diagnosis and treatment
given to the patient. The details to be furnished in Appendix 3 are of comprehensive in
nature and should contain the diagnosis and treatment given to the patient during the
period, the patient was under treatment. Regulation 1.3.1 has to be read with
regulation 1.3.2 which makes it mandatory that any patient requesting for medical
records should be furnished copies of "documents" within 72 hours from the date
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of demand. In other words, the patient's right to receive documents pertaining to
his/her treatment is recognised by the Regulations. The documents referred to in
Regulation 1.3.2 necessarily have to be the entire case sheet maintained in the
hospital which contains the result of diagnosis and treatment administered, the
summary of which is provided in Appendix 3. Therefore the petitioner is entitled to
photocopies of the entire case sheet and the respondents cannot decline to give
the same by stating that the details are available in Appendix 3 furnished, which
they are willing to furnish.”
Kerala High Court further observed that:
It is also to be noticed that Regulations do not provide any immunity for any medical
record to be retained by any medical practitioner of the hospital from being given
to the patient. On the other hand it is expressly provided that a patient should be given
medical records in Appendix 3 with supporting documents. Therefore in the absence of
any immunity either under the Regulations or under any other law, the respondentHospital
is bound to give photocopies of the entire documents of the patient.
Standing counsel for the respondentHospital
submitted that the documents once
furnished will be used as evidence against the hospital and against the doctors
concerned. I do not think this apprehension will justify for claiming immunity against
furnishing the documents. If proper service was rendered in the course of treatment, I
see no reason why the hospital, or staff, or doctors should be apprehensive of any
litigation. A patient or victim's relative is entitled to know whether proper medical
care was rendered to the patient entrusted with the hospital, which will be revealed
from case sheet and medical records. There should be absolute transparency with
regard to the treatment of a patient and a patient or victim's relative is entitled to
get copies of medical records. This is recognized by the Medical Council Regulations
and therefore petitioner is entitled to have copies of the entire medical records of his
daughter which should be furnished in full.
Case Law as to Right of information of Patients :
15. There are several decisions by the High Courts and Consumer Commissions
establishing the right of patient to information and duty of the Doctors/Hospitals (both private
and public) to provide the same.
15
In Kanaiyalal Ramanlal Trivedi v Dr. Satyanarayan Vishwakarma 1996; 3 CPR
24 (Guj); I (1997) CPJ 332 (Guj); 1998 CCJ 690 (Guj), the hospital and doctor were held
guilty of deficiency in service as case records were not produced before the court to refute
the allegation of a lack of standard care.
If hospital takes up a plea of record destroyed, it was held that it could be a case of
negligence. In S.A. Quereshi v Padode memorial Hospital and Research Centre II
2000. CPJ 463 (Bhopal) it was held that the plea of destroying the case sheet as per the
general practice of the hospitals appeared to the court as an attempt to suppress certain
facts that are likely to be revealed from the case sheet. The opposite party was found
negligent as he should have retained the case records until the disposal of the complaint.
Explaining the consequences of denial of medical record, it was held that an
adverse inference could be drawn from that. In case of Dr. Shyam Kumar v Rameshbhai,
Harmanbhai Kachiya 2002;1 CPR 320, I (2006) CPJ 16 (NC). The National Commission
said that not producing medical records to the patient prevents the complainant from
seeking an expert opinion and it is the duty of the person in possession of the medical
records to produce it in the court and adverse inference could be drawn for not producing
the records.
On the point of negligence, AP State Commission said in case of Force v. M
Gnaneswara Rao 1998;3 CPR 251; 1998 (1) CPJ 413 (AP SCDRC) that there was
negligence as the case sheet did not contain a proper history, history of prior treatment and
investigations, and even the consent papers were missing.
16
In V P Shanta v. Cosmopolitan Hospitals (P) Ltd 1997;1 CPR 377 (Kerala SCDRC)
the State Commission held that failure to deliver Xray
films is deficient service. The patient
and his attendants were deprived of their right to be informed of the nature of injury
sustained.
In Devendra Kantilal Nayak v Dr. Kalyaniben Dhruv Shah 1996;3 CPR 56; I
(1997) CPJ 103; 1998 CCJ 544 (Guj) the State Commission disbelieved the evidence of the
surgeon because only photocopies were produced to substantiate the evidence without any
plausible explanation regarding the absence of the original.
National Commission in case of Meenakshi Mission Hospital and Research
Centre v. Samuraj and Anr. I(2005) CPJ (NC) held that the hospital was guilty of
negligence on the ground that the name of the anaesthetist was not mentioned in the
operation notes though anaesthesia was administered by two anaesthetists. There were two
progress cards about the same patient on two separate papers that were produced in court.
In Dr. Tokugha Yeptomi v. Appollo Hospital Enterprises Ltd and Anr
III 1998 CPJ 132 (SC) it was held that not maintaining confidentiality of patient information
could be an issue of medical negligence. In this case the HIV status of a patient was made
known to others without the consent of the patient.
These decisions establish the right of the patient and obligation of hospitals or medical
institutions to give medical records.
17
In Raghunath Raheja v Maharashtra Medical Council, AIR 1996 Bom 198,
Bombay High Court upheld the right of patient to medical record very emphatically. Judges
M Shah and A Savanth stated:
“We are of the view that when a patient or his near relative demands from the Hospital or
the doctor the copies of the case papers, it is necessary for the Hospital authorities and
the doctors concerned to furnish copies of such case papers to the patient or his near
relative. In our view, it would be necessary for the Medical Council to ensure that
necessary directions are given to all the Hospitals and the doctors calling upon then to
furnish the copies of the case papers and all the relevant documents pertaining to the
patient concerned. The hospitals and the doctors may be justified, in demanding
necessary charges for supplying the copies of such documents to the patient or the near
relative. We, therefore, direct the first respondent Maharashtra Medical Council to issue
necessary circulars in this behalf to all the hospitals and doctors in the State of
Maharashtra. We do not think that thet hospitals or the doctors can claim any secrecy! or
any confidentiality in the matter of copies of the case papers relating to the patient. These
must be made available to him on demand, subject to payment of usual charges. If
necessary, the Medical Council may issue a pressnote
in this behalf giving it wide
publicity in all the media.”
Transformation of ethical norm into right to medical records
16. Medical ethics internationally is governed by the principle of autonomy, which
recognizes the rights of individuals to selfdetermination.
Autonomy is rooted in society's
respect for individuals' ability to make informed decisions about personal matters. It is an
important social value which has shifted to define medical quality in terms of outcomes
that are important to the patient rather than medical professionals. The respect for
autonomy is the basis for informed consent and advance directives.
17. The Patients are capable of electing to make their own medical decisions, or can
delegate decisionmaking
authority to another party. Only if the patient is incapacitated,
laws around the world designate different processes for obtaining informed consent,
typically by having a person appointed by the patient or their next of kin make decisions
for them. Thus the value of informed consent is closely related to the values
of autonomy and truth telling.
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18. The reason for "ethical conflicts" in medical ethics is lack of communication.
Communication breakdowns between patients and their healthcare team, between family
members, or between members of the medical community, can all lead to disagreements
and strong feelings. These breakdowns should be remedied, and many apparently
insurmountable "ethics" problems can be solved with open lines of communication. The
Patient has to be communicated all the information about his or her medical treatment,
which is now being recognized as a right guaranteed by various statutes rather than
leaving it at the level of a mere ethical norm.
19. The UK’s Data Protection Act 1998 gives an individual a right of access to
information held about him. The Access to Health Records Act 1990 gave access to a
patient’s medical records in noncomputerized
form, while Data Protection Act 1998 Act
gives access to both electronic and nonelectronic
records. The 1990 Act is still relevant to
be in force relating to access to a patient’s medical records after his death.
20. Section 3 of Access to Health Records Act 1990 says that the holder of the
record, within a maximum period of 40 days, must give access to the record by allowing
the applicant to inspect the record (or an extract) or if the applicant so requires by
supplying him with a copy of the record or extract.
Patients’ Right to Information
21. Section 2(f) of RTI Act 2005 says:
"information" means any material in any form, including records, documents, memos, emails,
opinions, advices, press releases, circulars, orders, logbooks, contracts, reports,
papers, samples, models, data material held in any electronic form and information
relating to any private body which can be accessed by a public authority under any other
law for the time being in force.
This section gives power and imposes an obligation on the Commission to enforce the
right to information available to the appellant under any other law. This Commission
observes that three enactmentsRTI
Act, Consumer Protection Act and Medical Council
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Act, provided the appellant a strong and undeniable right to information of her own medical
record.
Article 21 of Constitution says: No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty
except according to procedure established by law. This includes right to health.
Supreme Court held in Consumer Education & Research Centre and Union of India, AIR
1995 SC 992, that the right to health, medical aid to protect the health and vigour to a
worker while in service or post retirement is a fundamental right under Article 21, read with
Articles 39(e), 41, 43, 48A and all related Articles and fundamental human rights to make
the life of the workman meaningful and purposeful with dignity of person. This right
extends to every person.
According to Article 19(1) all citizens shall have the right (a) to freedom of speech and
expression, subject to limitations under Article 19(2). International Conventions including
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Supreme Court of India emphatically stated
that right of expression inherently includes right to receive information. Article 21 also
extends to cover right to know. Hence the right of a patient to her/his own information as its
foundation in fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution. This right can be
enforced by the arms of legislations and forum created by them such as Consumer
Protection Forum and Information Commissions.
The Right of patient to Information to his/her own medical record is not only
guaranteed under above three legislations but also rooted in Article 21, right to life
which include right to health and Article 19(1)(a), right to freedom of speech and
expression, which include right to receive information. This right is not limited to
records held by public authorities alone but extends to all hospitals including
private or corporate hospitals also to individual doctors, who treat patients. The
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Information Commission can enforce the same as per mandate of Parliament
through the definition of information under Section 2(f).
The Commission, thus, holds that undoubtedly the appellant, being a patient has a
right to detailed medical record about her treatment under Section 3 of the RTI
Act, also under Consumer Protection Act, 1986 and Medical Council Act 1956.
(B) Is it “life and liberty” issue?
22. Appellant has alleged a deep conspiracy among certain top officers who
manipulated to show her as mentally imbalanced person and she was forced into the
Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, GNCTD, ‘’for her behavioral
problems’’, against which she was waging legal battles on different aspects, including this
second appeal. Apart from this right, she also has several rights under Consumer
Protection Act 1986, including right to information, right to seek remedy against medical
negligence such as treating her for a disease which she did not suffer from.
23. The Commission is concerned with her right to information about medical records,
treatment, diagnosis, counsel, prescription etc from the time of admission to discharge
including relevant records pertaining to pre and post hospital stages. If her allegation that
she was unnecessarily treated in the Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences for
no reason or for wrongful reasons is proved her stay in hospital could be considered illegal
detention. This would raise questions of serious violation of right to life and liberty. She
also claimed that she would be entitled to the information sought within 48 hours under the
‘right to life and liberty’ provision of Section 7(1) of RTI Act. That is why she sought
medical records of so called treatment meted out to her. It was denied without explaining
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any justification and without substantiating how her petition could not fall under life and
liberty clause or how exception of ‘impeding’ investigation would attract.
Considering the solid foundation of right to information in Constitutional
provisions as explained under paragraph 21 above, the Commission holds that
information regarding medical records, especially when she is disputing her stay
and treatment will be categorized as the case concerning life and liberty of the
appellant.
(C) Whether claim of Sec 8 (1)(h) exception valid?
24. The Commission then examined the possibility of application of exception under
Section 8 (1) (h) of RTI Act. Hon’ble Delhi High Court in [Bhagat Singh Vs. CIC [146
(2008) DLT 385] explained that the exception under Section 8(1) (h) should not be used to
deny the right itself:
“Access to information, under Section 3 of the Act, is the rule and exemptions under
Section 8, the exception. Section 8 being a restriction on this fundamental right, must
therefore is to be strictly construed. It should not be interpreted in manner as to shadow
the very right itself. Under Section 8, exemption from releasing information is granted if it
would impede the process of investigation or the prosecution of the offenders. It is
apparent that the mere existence of an investigation process cannot be a ground for
refusal of the information; the authority withholding information must show satisfactory
reasons as to why the release of such information would hamper the investigation
process. Such reasons should be germane, and the opinion of the process being
hampered should be reasonable and based on some material. Sans this consideration,
Section 8(1)(h) and other such provisions would become the haven for dodging demands
for information. “
In yet another case, B S Mathur vs Public Information Officer Of Delhi High Court
[180(2011)DLT303] the Delhi High Court emphasized on the point of factual interference
with the investigation to claim this exception under Sec 8 (1)(h), as follows:
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“19. The question that arises for consideration has already been formulated in the Court’s
order dated 21st April 2011: Whether the disclosure of the information sought by the
Petitioner to the extent not supplied to him yet would "impede the investigation" in terms of
Section 8 (1) (h) RTI Act? The scheme of the RTI Act, its objects and reasons indicate
that disclosure of information is the rule and nondisclosure
the exception. A public
authority which seeks to withhold information available with it has to show that the
information sought is of the nature specified in Section 8 RTI Act. As regards Section 8
(1) (h) RTI Act, which is the only provision invoked by the Respondent to deny the
Petitioner the information sought by him, it will have to be shown by the public authority
that the information sought "would impede the process of investigation." The mere
reproducing of the wording of the statute would not be sufficient when recourse is
had to Section 8 (1) (h) RTI Act. The burden is on the public authority to show in
what manner the disclosure of such information would „impede ‟ the investigation.
Even if one went by the interpretation placed by this Court in W.P. (C) No.7930 of
2009 [Additional Commissioner of Police (Crime) v. CIC, decision dated 30th
November 2009] that the word "impede" would "mean anything which would
hamper and interfere with the procedure followed in the investigation and have the
effect to hold back the progress of investigation", it has still to be demonstrated by
the public authority that the information if disclosed would indeed "hamper" or
"interfere" with the investigation, which in this case is the second enquiry”
25. Thus these two emphatic judgments made it mandatory for the public authority to
show that the disclosure of the information would in fact, impede the process of
investigation. The officers of Respondent Authority told the Commission that no such
investigation was under process. They did not present anything to explain as to how Sec 8
(1)(h) could be used to deny the information.
Decision
26. The Commission rejects the contention of the respondent authority invoking
exception under Section 8(1)(h) as devoid of merit as they have miserably failed to
establish any factor that would attract such exception. The Commission cannot accept the
contention of the respondent authority that the information sought by the appellant is
exempt under section 8(1)(h) of the RTI Act for another reason that this request for
information is with reference to the appellant’s life and liberty, who was kept in detention
23
by the respondent/institute because she has every right to have the
information about the treatment meted out to her during her detention in the
respondent/institute to establish the nature of her detention. Pendency of an enquiry or
investigation will not disentitle the patient the right to medical record of her own treatment.
As she is seeking information about medical records and treatment given to herself, it
cannot be said to be the third party information. In the absence of any enquiry or
investigation, the respondent/institute cannot invoke the ground of exemption under
section 8(1)(h). The respondent public authority being a Medical Institute/Hospital has a
legal responsibility to share the information about her treatment and medical check up etc
with her in her capacity as patient as explained above and also as an applicant under
Right to Information Act also. The copies of the correspondence exchanged by the
Respondent/institute with other officers pertaining to her case, also do not fall under any
category of exemptions listed in RTI Act and thus cannot be denied.
27. Regarding the application of order of Commission (CIC/SG/A/2011/
002238/16606 dated 27112011)
as contended by appellants, the Commission finds no
relevance to this appeal as there is no dispute between spouses in this case and that she
was seeking her own medical record, not record of other spouse, and hence that decision
would not come to rescue of respondent, as it has nothing to do with exemption under 8(1)
(h).
28. Neither the PIO nor the Appellate Authority tried to substantiate points as to how
the disclosure of her own medical record would hamper the process of investigation. They
did not even attempt to explain what the charge against her was and what investigation
was pending. An empty claim of exception under section 8(1)(h) cannot justify the authority
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to refuse the information for which the appellant has right both under Right to Information
Act, 2005 and Consumer Protection Act 1986.
29. The Commission reiterates that the patient’s right to obtain his/her medical record
is not only protected under RTI Act, but also under the Indian Medical Council Act, which is
based on world medical ethics, as a ‘consumer’ under Consumer Protection Act, 1986 and
above all, it is rooted in fundamental rights enshrined under Articles 21, 19(1)(a) of Indian
Constitution as detailed in paragraph 21 above. This imposes a statutory obligation not
only public authorities such as the respondents in this case, but also to every hospital,
public or private, to furnish the record to the patient and the Commission are empowered
to enforce it as per RTI Act through Section 2(f). It is the duty of the doctor/Hospital to
develop a mechanism whereby the copy of patients’ medical record from his joining to his
discharge be provided to him or his legal representative even without him asking as a
matter of routine procedure at the time of discharge as directed by Bombay High Court in
above referred case.
30. This Commission finds that the practice of the public authority in relation to the
exercise of its functions under the RTI Act does not conform with the provisions or spirit of
the RTI Act as revealed from the defence claimed with casual invocation of Section 8(1)(h)
exception to deny the medical records, the Commission exercising its powers under
Section 25(5) of RTI Act, recommends the Public Authority IHBAS to develop a
mechanism for disclosure of medical records to patients or his relatives in a time frame
with proper protection to confidentiality and privacy as ordained by RTI Act, preferably in
the lines of judgment of Bombay High Court. The Commission recommends that when a
patient or his near relative demands from the Hospital or the doctor the copies of the case
papers, it is necessary for the Hospital authorities and the doctors concerned to furnish
copies of such case papers to the patient or his near relative. As observed by Bombay
25
High Court it would be necessary for the Medical Council to ensure that necessary
directions are given to all the Hospitals and the doctors calling upon then to furnish the
copies of the case papers and all the relevant documents pertaining to the patient
concerned.
31. With regard to the submission of the PIO that the case be adjourned, the
Commission is of the view that as the present case has already been pending for a long
time and as the case pertains to the life and liberty of the appellant, who is a woman
officer, and that no justification has been given by PIO for further delaying it, case need not
be adjourned. As Mr. S.P.Jaiswal was designated as PIO by the respondent/institute
through whom the Commission has to deal with, and neither the Commission nor the RTI
Act requires the presence of the Director/FAA, the Commission finds no need to postpone
the case.
32. The respondent authority/PIO is, therefore, directed to provide certified copies of
the complete information sought by the appellant in her RTI application dated 1182011
within 30 days from the date of receipt of this order and show cause why maximum
penalty cannot be imposed on the then respondent/PIO for taking excuse under nonapplicable
clause of the RTI Act and denying the information to the appellant. His
explanation should reach the Commission within 3 weeks from the date of receipt of this
order. Noncompliance
of the Commission’s order will be taken as serious deviance of the
RTI Act. If the respondent/PIO is obstructed by his superior officer, from furnishing the
information to the appellant, such superior officer will be treated as ‘deemed PIO’ and shall
be responsible for penal provisions under the RTI Act.
33. The Commission orders accordingly.
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(M. Sridhar Acharyulu)
Information Commissioner
Authenticated true copy
(Ashwani K. Sharma)
Designated Officer
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Address of the parties:
1. The CPIO under RTI, Govt. Of NCT of Delhi,
Institute of Human Behaviour & Allied Sciences,
Dilshad Garden,
New Delhi110095
2. Ms. Nisha Priya Bhatia,
I263,
Nariana,
NEW DELHI110028
Copy also forwarded to the First Appellate Authority to serve show cause notice on the
then PIO, IHBAS as per para 32 of this order:3.
The Director & First Appellate Authority under RTI
Institute of Human Behaviour & Allied Sciences, GNCTD
Dilshad Garden, DELHI110095
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